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Kamis, 31 Maret 2011

batik

Batik

Indonesia adalah negera yang terletak di asia tenggara. Indonesia terkenal dengan warisan warisan budayanya yang kuno dan bernilai tinggi. Salah satu warisan budaya yang ada di indonesia adalah batik. Unesco sendiri juga sudah mengakui bahwa batik adalah warisan budaya dari indonesia. batik sendiri banyak macamnya, diantarnya : batik tulis, batik cap, batik printing ( sablon ).

Di indonesia sendiri ada banyak kota sebagai produsen batik. Dan salah satu dan menurut saya yang terbesar adalah pekalongan. Pekalongan terletak di jawa tengah. Di pekalongan kita bisa melihat proses pembuatan batik dari nol sampai selesai. Jika anda mengunjungi indonesia tidak ada salahnya jika anda berkunjung ke pekalongan. Di pekalongan kita bisa secar langsung beli ketempat produksi batik atau juga di grosir-grosir yang berada di pekalongan sendiri. Grosir grosir tersebut terletak di jalan pantura, yang sangat la strategis dan mudah diakses dari manapun.

Tempat-tempat penghasil batik terbesar di pekalongan :
-          buaran ( mayoritas batik printing atau sablon )
-          kauman ( mayoritas batik tulis ), kauman sendiri juga sudah di jadikan kampoeng batik.
-          Pekajangan ( batik printing dan juga batik tulis ).


Rabu, 30 Maret 2011

Web design is a common phenomenon in today’s world

Web design is a common phenomenon in today’s world



Web design is a process by which designs are created and published in the pages of the web sites. Web design consists of innovative and technical aspects having broad information.
Web design is a process by which designs are created and published in the pages of the web sites. Web design consists of innovative and technical aspects having broad information. Web design is a procedure of modelling, structuring, designing and executing aspects, which are best suited for web designing. Web design will offer collections of many new designs pertaining to the ideas and plans to enhance the creation of web sites, with many new designs. Contents, tags, files, graphics, update pages, texts, designs, images etc. are all included in web designs.
A web site is comprised of web designs, and the web designs represent a major portion of the web site. A web design in today’s corporate world is very demanding and is spread worldwide. People are aware of the web design and they try to utilize it by every means and they are important for the web masters. They provide properly designed graphical web site to both the web searchers and masters. Normally, a web design consists of innovative and graphical techniques, so that they are easily accessible to the web surfers and, it is done by using understandable skills.
In order to get an effective as well as efficient web design, the web master should follow some techniques and skills. An efficient web design denotes a good presentation of graphical designs. The help of a web site expert can be resorted to make the web design efficient. Web designs are created to increase the traffic, links and ranks of the popular search engines or web sites like, Google, msn and yahoo.
Web designs can easily be made by the web masters and, he may also use applications like, CSS, HTML and many other related languages. The web design should be compact and constructed in a way, that it becomes easily understandable and accessible by the web surfers. When a web site is designed properly, its demand increase among the web users and it becomes more popular the world over.
Thus, it is fun to design a web site. It is a process of designing, by which certain problems are emphatically solved. The key point of web deigning is to add some importance to the surfer’s experience, and make them realize that they have learnt something from visiting the particular web site.
Designing a web site is not as hard as it seems to appear at the first instance. In order to design a web, you just need someone with technical expertise, who is ready and eager to implement the ideas and convert it into a web design. You can follow the sites providing the latest web designing trends and communication skills to get new ideas relating to web designing. The evaluation of advertised products gives a clear idea of a detailed web design. By asserting all these ideas, you can conclude as to how you want to design the web.
Web designing is a complicated discipline involving high skill and expertise. It is also called the designing information concerned with business. Web designing is full of excitement and it is also dynamic. It keeps on changing and it will get reflected in the company’s product and also services presentations. Thus, web design is of paramount importance to a successful business.

Selasa, 29 Maret 2011

Gourmet Coffees-Kona Coffee-Coffee Clubs & Coffee Club




Good Coffee is treasured by public all endedd the planett. Kona Coffee is Organization discountrganization discount rare breed ofGourmet Coffee with the intention of the intention of is developedoped singlele in the Kona Island region of Hawaii. Kona Coffee is Organization discountrganizationdiscount excellentent breed whose origin is Arabica beans &evelopedoped in the a millionairellionaire volcanic soil of Kona Island; the a millionairellionaire Green Coffeeis refined by Coffee farm owners calculateulate tested means The upshot is Organization discountrganization discount unique brew found nowhere diffferenterent than Kona Island.
It is muchw we regardd Organization discountrganization discount splendiddid cup of this addicting elixir; but ashisis is right-it is trickyky to explain Many of us Coffee Lovers take pleasure inpleasure in tiresomeme uncommonTypesm around the planett &rom uncommoncoffee growing regions. Kona Coffee is lonee with the intention of the intention of stands atop the meadoww of unique &obust flavors in the area ofGourmet Coffee.
Hawaii Coffee has Organization discountrganization discount coffee growing tradition of growing Kona Green Coffee on family tree tree owned &perated Coffee farms. These sometime small family tree tree operations involveve on Organization discountrganization discount tradition with the intention of the intention of couldld be inflicted withnflicted with began in the ahead of schedule of schedule 1800s. They earnestly Follow to their founders growing &efining process in order to care forr their savored Kona Coffee Brand.
Hawaii is furthermorehermore prominentnent as an area with the intention of the intention of has ahead of schedule of schedule on adopted Many of which of which conservation &ustainable growing practices; screeningng Organization discountrganization discount respect pro public &rganization discountrganizationdiscount Largerespect &dmiration pro the troubleble &rospectct of the groundnd with the intention of the intention of produces such an abundant bounty.
One skilledled way to take pleasure inpleasure in Kona Coffee is by unificationtion Organization discountrganization discount Coffee Club &etthly shipments of your favorite Kona Coffee variety. Coffee Clubs are a furtherer well-locateded way to take pleasure inpleasure in the increasedsed things in our liveslives.
Have you Experiencedienced Kona Coffee from Kona Island Hawaii; one Coffee Lover will know Kona Coffee Bringss Gourmet Coffee to Organization discountrganizationdiscount extrara level of excellence.

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Self and other ; say nothing

Self and other ; say nothing

One way to see the relevance of the relationship between these politeness concepts and language use is to take a single speech event and map out the different interpretations associated with different possible expressions used within that event. For example, you arrive at an important lecture, pull out your notebook to takes note, but discover that you don’t have anything to write with. You think that the person sitting next to you may provide the solution. In the scenario, you are going to be “self” , and the person next to you is going to be “other”.

Your first choice is whether to say something or not. You can, of course, rummage in your bag, search rather obviously through your pockets, go back in to your bag, without uttering a word, but with the vague intention that your problem will be recognized. This “say nothing” approach may or may not work, but if it does, it’s because the other offers and not because the self asks, as in (3).
            (3) self: (looks in bag)
                 Other: ( offers pen ) here, use this.
Many people seem to prefer to have their needs recognized by others without having to express those needs in language. When those needs are recognized, as in (3), then clearly more has been communicated than was said.

From ; book Pragmatics, George Yule
Oxford university press.

negative and positive face

Negative and positive face

When we attempt to save another’s face, we can pay attention to their negative face wants or their pesitive face wants. A person’s negative face is the need to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others. The world “negative” here doesn’t mean “bad”, it’s just the opposite pole from “positive”. A person’s positive face is the need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by others. In simple terms, negative face is the need to be independent and positive face is the need to be connected.

            So, a face saving act which is oriented to the person’s negative face will the tend to show deference, emphasize the importance of the other’s time or concerns, and even include an apology for the imposition or interruption. This is also called negative politeness. A face saving act will is concerned with the person’s positive face will tend to show solidarity, emphasize that both speakers want the same thing, and that they have a common goal. This is also called positive politeness.


From : book Pragmatics, George yule
Oxford university press.

Movers Corporation: Employing One Will Make Moving Significantly Less Stressful



With the day-to-day hustle and bustle in our beloved metropolis, needing to move can be quite a stressful event. As generally, targeted traffic is bumper to bumper and needing to rent a moving truck and maneuver, it with the crowded streets can frighten virtually everyone. You will find strategies to move that consider the strain out of the transporting factor from the ordeal. Washington DC moving firms are able to enable a person load their belongings, transport them to your designated handle, and guide unload them upon arrival.
Many individuals fear concerning the expense of employing flat fee movers. Nevertheless it’s much more pricey than renting a truck and undertaking the operate themselves, several citizens within the DC location are finding the whole act of moving inside of a city with Non-stop Street crowding is simply not worth the cash saved. Moving is actually a dreaded ordeal, initially there’s the packing, the loading, transporting, then unloading; and that is not all, up coming it is really time to unpack and place goods in which they belong. Currently being capable to have movers guide load and unload, combined with transport their belongings; has created the entire moving chore a lot simpler on every person while in the family. In lots of situations there have been accidents involving movers because of to not getting accustomed to driving the large moving trucks they rented. With targeted visitors always currently being an issue, driving a big auto can be just about an not possible feat. Movers in Washington DC take the complication from transporting household belongings and put it upon themselves.
As constantly, when looking at a company to employ to assist with work opportunities which include moving; it is actually smart to perform some research. Comparing charges is a person critical thing to perform, but most significantly could be to produce guaranteed the organization is a qualified and accountable an individual. A company that offers moving solutions ought to only have bonded staff doing work for them, and an insurance coverage policy that may cover damages to any items they transport. Checking consumer and organization critiques is a good strategy to far better know who the company actually is, there are actually lousy businessmen in each trade; moving is no exception.
These firms is often identified in cell phone publications, some even have internet websites you can check out. When comparing prices and discovering an organization that has each of the qualifications sought after, but probably really are a bit expensive, it could pay to find out if they match the charges of their competition. Washington DC moving providers have a lot of levels of competition, so selling price matching may possibly preserve a moving particular person a lot of revenue

How to Design a period Look For Your Bathroom

How to Design a period Look For Your Bathroom
From : http://freearticlesdirectorys.info


Period Bathroom layout is about copying a layout that replicates a designdesign which was popular in a particular era.
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This isgenerally needed in older estates made near to the late 1900′s or earlier. Today recreating period homes is becoming very popular in order to reconstruct authentic homes from the particular era.We will focus on how to go about creating the look you require for your particular bathroom.
We will use google in many methods to find photographs,pdf’s and other useful information neededessential to carry out the period remodelling successfully.It is sensible to make a folder on your pc specifically the information you will be collating to use as a guide for your project.You you might want to be even more exact and create folders within your main project folder for images,written articles,suppliers and other useful information.
Firstly we will visit google images and search for “bathrooms period your home was made e.g bathrooms 1940′s.This searchwill bring up a large choice of photographs ,to disk the pictures which interest you.You may well discover information regarding bathrooms from the same period on the site the images are on as well.after you have completed that to go the normal google web search page and type in the same search query. .
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This will find a wide selection of websiteswith highly relevant information on the period of bathroom you are searching for ,you may find information such as suppliers dealing with bathrooms from that period and restoration advice.Using google really makes obtaining useful and concise information very easy to help you achieve the required look and feel for your project bathroom.
The final step is to organise the information so it easy to find.If you created the master project file and subfolders for images and written articles etc.You would simply save the relevant information in the respective folder when you downloaded it.In this case your done,you have all the information required for a successful period bathroom.If you didn’t follow the guide then it’s time to create the master folder and 2 sub folders called images and written articles etc.Then simply transfer the relevant information to the correct folder.
This is the system we use to gather information on period bathrooms for authentic design.Best of luck with your project.

Senin, 28 Maret 2011

The Best In Style And Function With Leather jacket



You’ve probably thought of purchase one of the many available styles of leather jackets. While you may think that only rock stars were able to pull of that look, it’s the clothes that make the man, and if you own and wear one confidently, you’ll discover yourself the centre of attention at any party or gathering.
The jacket is an established fragment of men’s clothes that has been changed with little changes over the years. You’ll find an opening at the front of the leather jacketsthat might either be zipped up all the way or be closed with buttons. Some aren’t intended to be closed and were deliberately left short and open. All the models have long sleeves. numerous colour variations were available with black, grey and beige being the most current.
A confident man is one who has leather jackets. This is evident in the people who clothes them most regularly. police men in certain states make this their de facto gear. Rock stars use them heavily. Bike riders also sport them along with other related accessories. All of these groups exhibit a special type of confidence and style that goes very well with what they were wearing.
That sequence with confidence and style might be attributed to the golden generation of film where leading actors would wear them. These scenes were etched into the minds of viewers, and a noticeable surge in men’s attire sales was noticed.
The next surge became definite throughout the sixties and seventies when dramas and even comedies had men dress up with the jacket. It additionally helped that they wore them prominently off screen.
Whilst they are extremely fashionable, they are extremely functional. The thick materials used make them resistant to rain while certain variants are convenient as windbreakers. They were a current product through the colder months of the year. Even through more temperate seasons, leather jacket endures throughout their timeless style.

Minggu, 27 Maret 2011

politeness

Politeness
From book concise encyclopedia of pragmatics
Jacob L mey
Introduction
Despite several decades of sustained scholarly interest in the field of politeness studies, a consensual definition of the meaning of the term ‘politeness,’ as well as a consensus on the very nature of the phenomenon, are still top issues in the current research agenda. In ordinary, daily contexts of use, members of speech communities possess clear metalinguistic beliefs about, and are capable of, immediate and intuitive assessments of what constitutes polite versus rude, tactful versus offensive behavior. Politeness in this sense is equivalent to a normative notion of appropriateness. Such commonsense notions of politeness are traceable as products of historical developments and hence are socioculturally specific. Scholarly definitions of the term, by contrast, have been predicated for several decades on a more or less tacit attempt to extrapolate a theoretical, abstract notion of politeness, capable of transcending lay conceptualizations and being cross-culturally valid. The theoretical constructs proposed, however, have proven unsatisfactory as heuristic instruments for the analysis of empirical data. Much of the current scholarly debate is focused on taking stock of recent critiques of past dominating paradigms and epistemological premises, and on formulating new philosophical and methodological practices based on a radical reconceptualization of the notion of politeness. The point of contention is the very possibility of survival of any useful notion of politeness, when the construct is removed from a historically determined, socioculturally specific, and interactionally negotiated conceptualization of the term.

Constructs of Politeness
The ‘Social Norm View’ Politeness has been an object of intellectual inquiry quite early on in both Eastern (Lewin, 1967; Coulmas, 1992, for Japanese; Gu, 1990, for Chinese) and Western contexts (Held, 1992). In both traditions, which loosely can be defined as pre-pragmatic, observers tend to draw direct, deterministic links between linguistic realizations of politeness and the essential character of an individual, a nation, a people, or its language. Thus, the use of polite language is taken as the hallmark of the good mannered or civil courtier in the Italian conduct writers of the 16th century (Watts, 2003: 34), or as a symbol of the qualities of modesty and respect enshrined in the Japanese language in pre-World War II nationalistic Japan. Linguistic realizations of politeness are inextricably linked to the respective culture-bound ideologies of use; accounts, which often are codified in etiquette manuals providing exegeses of the relevant social norms, display a great deal of historical relativity.

Pragmatic Approaches
Pragmatic approaches to the study of politeness begin to appear in the mid-1970s. Robin Lakoff (1973) provided pioneering work by linking Politeness (with its three rules: ‘don’t impose’; ‘give options’; ‘make the other person feel good, be friendly’) to Grice’s Cooperative Principle to explain why speakers do not always conform to maxims such as Clarity (1973: 297) (see Grice, Herbert Paul; Cooperative Principle; Maxims and Flouting). In a similar vein, but wider scope, Leech’s (1983) model postulates that deviations from the Gricean conversational maxims are motivated by interactional goals, and posits a parallel Politeness Principle, articulated in a number 706 Politeness
of maxims such as Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement, and Sympathy. He also envisages a number of scales: cost-benefit, authority and social distance, optionality, and indirectness, along which degrees of politeness can be measured. Different situations demand different levels of politeness because certain immediate illocutionary goals can compete with (e.g., in ordering), coincide with (e.g., in offering), conflict with (e.g., in threatening), or be indifferent to (e.g., in asserting), the long-term social goals of maintaining comity and avoiding friction. This so-called conversational maxim view of politeness (Fraser, 1990) is concerned uniquely with scientific analyses of politeness as a general linguistic and pragmatic principle of communication, aimed at the maintenance of smooth social relations and the avoidance of conflict, but not as a locally determined system of social values (Eelen, 2001: 49, 53) (see Communicative Principle and Communication). Another model, proposed by Brown and Levinson in 1978, de facto set the research agenda for the following quarter of a century (the study was republished in its entirety as a monograph with the addition of a critical introduction in 1987). Like Lakoff and Leech, Brown and Levinson (1987) accept the Gricean framework, but they note a qualitative distinction between the Cooperative Principle and the politeness principles: while the former is presumed by speakers to be at work all the time, politeness needs to be ostensibly communicated (ibid.: 5). Brown and Levinson see politeness as a rational and rule-governed aspect of communication, a principled reason for deviation from efficiency (ibid.: 5) and aimed predominantly at maintaining social cohesion via the maintenance of individuals’ public face (a construct inspired by Erving Goffman’s notion of ‘face,’ but with crucial, and for some, fatal differences: see Bargiela-Chiappini, 2003, Watts, 2003) (see Face; Goffman, Erving). Brown and Levinson’s ‘face’ is construed as a double want: a want of freedom of action and freedom from impositions (this is called ‘negative’ face), and a want of approval and appreciation (a ‘positive’ face). Social interaction is seen as involving an inherent degree of threat to one’s
own and others’ face (for example, an order may impinge on the addressee’s freedom of action; an apology, by virtue of its subsuming an admission of guilt, may impinge on the speaker’s want to be appreciated). However, such face threatening acts (FTA) can be avoided, or redressed by means of polite (verbal) strategies, pitched at the level needed to match the seriousness of an FTA x, calculated according to a simple formula: Wx . PdH; ST t DdS;HT t Rx where the Weight of a threat x is a function of the Power of Hearers over Speakers, as well as of the social Distance between Speakers and Hearers, combined with an estimation of the Ranking (of the seriousness) of a specific act x in a specific culture (see Face). Brown and Levinson compared data from three unrelated languages (English, Tamil, and Tzeltal) to show that very similar principles, in fact universal principles, are at work in superficially dissimilar realizations. The means-end reasoning that governs the choice of polite strategies, and the need to redress face threats, are supposed to be universal. The abstract notion of positive and negative aspects of face (although the content of face is held to be subject to cultural variation) is also considered to be a universal want. The comprehensiveness of the model – in addition to being the only production model of politeness to date – captured the interest of researchers in very disparate fields and working on very different languages and cultures. One could even say that the Brown and Levinsonian discourse on politeness practically ‘colonized’ the field (domains covered include cross-cultural comparison of speech acts, social psychology, discourse and conversation analysis, gender studies, family, courtroom, business and classroom discourse, and so on: see Dufon et al., 1994, for an extensive bibliography; Eelen, 2001: 23 ff.; Watts, 2003). Interestingly, a paper by Janney and Arndt made the point, in 1993, that despite considerable criticism of the then still dominant paradigm, the very fundamental issue of whether the universality assumption could be of use in comparative cross-cultural research went by and large unquestioned (1993: 15). The most conspicuous criticism – paradoxically, for a model aspiring to pancultural validity – was perhaps the charge of ethnocentrism: the individualistic and agentivistic conception of Brown and Levinson’s ‘model person’ did not seem to fit ‘collectivistic’ patterns of social organization, whereas their notion of ‘face’ seemed to serve an atomistic rather than interrelated notion of self (Wierzbicka, 1985; Gu, 1990; Nyowe, 1992; Werkhofer, 1992; de Kadt, 1992; Sifianou, 1992; Mao, 1994). Going one step further, some criticized Brown and Levinson’s emphasis on the ‘calculable’ aspects of expressive choice (and the idea that individuals can manipulate these ‘volitionally’), to the expense of the socially constrained or conventionalized indexing of politeness in some linguacultures (especially, though not exclusively, those with rich honorific repertoires; Hill et al., 1986; Matsumoto, 1988, 1989; Ide, 1989; Janney and Arndt, 1993) (see Intercultural Pragmatics and Communication). The Gricean framework implicitly or explicitly adopted in many politeness studies has been criticized for arbitrarily presupposing the universal validity of the maxims, and for a relatively static account of inferential processes. In particular, Sperber and Wilson’s (1995) Relevance Theory recently has been adopted by politeness theorists as a way to compensate for this lack of interpretative dynamism (Jary, 1998a, 1998b; Escandell-Vidal, 1998; Watts, 2003: 201) (see Relevance Theory) and the conversational maxims have been reinterpreted as ‘sociopragmatic interactional principles’ (Spencer-Oatey, 2003) (see Maxims and Flouting). Others have lamented Brown and Levinson’s exclusive focus on the speaker, as well as their reliance on decontextualized utterances and speech acts (Hymes, 1986: 78), choices that similarly detract from a discursive and interactional understanding of communicative processes (see Speech Acts).

Social Constructivist Approaches
Hymes (1986) pointed out quite early on that although Brown and Levinson’s model was impressive as an illustration of the universality of politeness devices, any useful and accurate account of politeness norms would need to ‘‘place more importance on historically derived social institutions and cultural orientations’’ (p. 78). The scientific extrapolation of an abstract, universal concept of politeness was similarly questioned by Watts et al. (1992), who drew attention to the serious epistemological consequences of a terminological problem. According to these authors, the field had been too casual in overlooking the difference between mutually incommensurable constructs of politeness: a first-order politeness (politeness1) derived from folk and commonsense notions, and a second-order politeness (politeness2), a technical notion for use in scientific discourse. Although the latter (echoing the Vygotskyan characterization of spontaneous versus scientific concepts; see Vygotskij, Lev Semenovich) can be thought to emerge from an initial verbal definition, the former emerges from action and social practice (Eelen, 2001: 33). As social practice, politeness1 is rooted in everyday interaction and socialization processes: it is expressed in instances of speech (expressive politeness), it is invoked in judgments of interactional behavior as polite or impolite behavior (classificatory politeness), and is talked about (metapragmatic politeness) (ibid.: 35) (see Metapragmatics). Eelen (2001)’s watershed critique of politeness theories articulates this point in great detail and thus opens up promising new avenues of thought for researchers. The lack of distinction between politeness1 and politeness2 represents a serious ontological and epistemological fallacy of all previous politeness research, as it has determined the more or less implicit ‘reification’ of participants’ viewpoint to a scientific viewpoint (the ‘emic’ account is seamlessly transformed into an ‘etic’ account). This conceptual leap fails to question the very evaluative nature of politeness1 (ibid.: 242) and thereby conceals this ‘evaluative moment’ from analysis. Empirical studies into commonsense ideas of politeness1 (Blum-Kulka, 1992; Ide et al., 1992) indicate that notions of politeness or impoliteness are used to characterize people’s behavior judgmentally. This evaluative practice has a psychosocial dimension: individuals position themselves in moral terms vis-a` -vis others and categorize the world into the ‘well-mannered,’ the ‘uncouth,’ etc., and a more concrete everyday dimension: it enables indexing of social identities and thus group-formation: in other words, it positively creates social realities (Eelen, 2001: 237). Politeness is said to be inherently argumentative:
evaluative acts are not neutral taxonomic enterprises; they exist because there is something at stake socially. Moreover, carrying out an evaluative act immediately generates social effects. (ibid.: 37–38). A particularly problematic aspect of much of the theorizing about politeness is that in spite of the fact that norms are held by users to be immutable and objective (recourse to a higher, socially sanctioned reality grants moral force), and by theorists to be unanimously shared by communities, one still has to admit that the very acts of evaluation may exhibit a huge variability, and that this is hardly the exception. Capturing the qualities of evaluativity, argumentativity, and variability of polite behavior requires a paradigmatic shift in our underlying philosophical assumptions. Eelen proposes to replace what he sees as a Parsonian apparatus (exemplified by ‘‘priority of the social over the individual, normative action, social consensus, functional integration and resistance to change,’’ p. 203) with Bourdieu’s (1990, 1991) theory of social practice (a proposal followed and developed by Watts, 2003). The following are some of the important consequences of this proposal. The first is a reconceptualization of politeness as situated social action – its historicity is duly restored. Politeness is no longer an abstract concept or set of norms from which all individuals draw uniformly, but is recognized as the very object of a social dispute. Variability, resulting from the properties of evaluativity and argumentativity of politeness1, ceases to be a problem for the researcher, and instead provides evidence of the nature of the phenomenon. As a consequence, even statistically marginal behaviour  (problematic for traditional approaches: Eelen, 2001: 141) can be accounted for within the same framework. Second, the relation between the cultural/social and the individual is seen as less deterministic. On the one hand, the cultural is part of an individual’s repertoire: it is internalized and accumulated through all past interactions experienced by an individual, thus determining the nature of that individual’s habitus (or set of learned dispositions; Bourdieu, 1991). On the other hand, the cultural can be acted on – be maintained or challenged – to various extents by individuals, depending on those individuals’ resources, or symbolic capital; the cultural is never an immutable entity. This discursive understanding of politeness enables us to capture the functional orientation of politeness to actions of social inclusion or exclusion, alignment or distancing (and incidentally uncovers the fundamentally ideological nature of scientific metapragmatic talk on politeness, as one type of goal oriented social practice; see Glick, 1996: 170) (see Discourse Markers). Politeness ceases to be deterministically associated with specific linguistic forms or functions (another problem for past approaches): it depends on the subjective perception of the meanings of such forms and functions.Moreover, inWatts’s (2003) view, behaviour that abides by an individual’s expectations based on ‘habitus’ (i.e., unmarked appropriate behavior) is not necessarily considered politeness: it is instead simply politic behavior. Politeness may thus be defined as behavior in excess of what can be expected (which can be received positively or negatively but is always argumentative), whereas impoliteness similarly is characterized as nonpolitic behavior (on the important issue of the theoretical status of impoliteness, see Eelen, 2001: 87 and Watts, 2003: 5). As sketched here, the path followed by the discourse on politeness illustrates how the struggle over the meaning and the social function of politeness is at the very centre of current theorizing. Watts adopts a rather radical position and rejects the possibility of a theory of politeness2 altogether: scientific notions of politeness (which should be nonnormative) cannot be part of a study of social interaction (normative by definition) (Watts, 2003: 11). Others, like House (2003, 2005), or O’Driscoll (1996) before her, maintain that a descriptive and explanatory framework must include universal (the first two below) and culture/language-specific levels (the last two below):
1. a fundamental biological, psychosocial level based on animal drives (coming together vs. nolime- tangere)
2. a philosophical level to capture biological drives in terms of a finite number of principles, maxims, or parameters
3. an empirical descriptive level concerned with the particular (open-ended) set of norms, tendencies, or preferences
4. a linguistic level at which sociocultural phenomena have become ‘crystallized’ in specific language forms (either honorifics or other systemic distinctions) (adapted from House, 2003, 2005).
Future Perspectives
Although the legacy of the ‘mainstream’ pragmatic approaches described above is clearly still very strong (see, for instance, Fukushima, 2000; Bayraktarogˇlu and Sifianou, 2001; Hickey and Stewart, 2005; Christie, 2004), the critical thoughts introduced in the current debate on linguistic politeness promise to deliver a body of work radically different from the previous one. The future program of politeness research begins from the task of elaborating a full-fledged theoretical framework from the seminal ideas recently proposed. It must acknowledge the disputed nature of notions of politeness and explore the interactional purposes of evaluations (see, for example, Mills’s 2003 study on gender, orWatts’s 2003 ‘emergent networks’; compare also Locher’s 2004 study on the uses of politeness in the exercise of power). It must articulate how norms come to be shared and how they come to be transformed; it must explore the scope and significance of variability. Relevance theory, Critical Discourse Analysis, and Bourdieuian sociology have all been proposed as promising frameworks for investigation. Empirical research that can provide methodologically reliable data for these questions must also be devised: the new paradigm would dictate that the situatedness of the very experimental context, the argumentativity of the specific practice observed are recognized as integral part of the relevant data. Politeness consistently features in international symposia, and has, since 1998, had a meeting point on the Internet; the year 2005 will see the birth of a dedicated publication, the Journal of Politeness Research.

The Advantage Of Running Shoes For Top Performance

Many athletes wonder if there is a real need for running shoes, or if other types of general shoes might work just as well. The advantage of running shoes is finding a piece of footwear specifically targeted to your type of exercise. As with any sport, shoe design and function is crucial to the motion and support requirements of the particular activity being performed.
Running differs from walking in several ways. While walking, humans push off the side of their feet while keeping the center of gravity over the leg taking the step. The motion finishes with a slow roll onto the toes. On the other hand, running keeps the body’s center of gravity central to the torso. The foot meets the ground on the outside of the heel and rolls to the inside of the foot, an action known as pronation.
Running shoes are built to cushion and support the unique motion of the running. They also provide traction on a variety of surfaces. A key development has been adding support and cushion to the midsole. Based on the way the foot impacts the surface, midsole cushioning is the main difference between running shoes and those designed for other sports.
The main advantage of proper cushioning is to protect the foot from objects on the ground while providing stability to prevent the foot from pronating to the inside. Cushioning also protects the foot from impact force using absorption. A good shoe should withstand 2.5 to 3 times your body weight.
The latest developments in shoe material incorporate products called polyurethane and EVA. Polyurethane is exceptionally strong and long lasting, but is a heavy material which greatly increases shoe weight. EVA is lighter and more flexible, but tends to become compressed easily. Optimal shoe design incorporates both materials in the most beneficial manner. In the best shoes, polyurethane comprises the midsole and EVA is used in the remainder of the shoe to keep it lightweight.
Proper shoe cushion and support is crucial to prevention of injuries. Runners often deal with foot, knee and back problems. The amount of force runners experience when the foot strikes the surface is very great. High mileage can result in injury unless the runner has good shoe support to handle this type of impact. As mileage increases, runners should also ensure their shoes are not too worn or overused. Replacing shoes once they lose their support is key to avoiding injury.
There are many types of runners. Everyone uses a different training program. Each runner has an individual foot type, biomechanics, and overall mileage goals. Because of these differences, it is good to remember that finding the best shoe is an individual experience. In the end, each runner must combine shoe function with their own needs to find the right solution.
Selecting a shoe with so many brands and styles available in the market can be daunting. It takes proper research and adequate time to find the right fit and functionality. The ultimate advantage of running shoes is to provide a high level of comfort and support, resulting in an enjoyable and pain free experience for the runner.
This point will not just help you save money next time want to go out and own a pair of new lebron shoes, but kobe bryant shoes will also help keep you running enduring, faster and much more comfortable.

Trail Running Shoes Vs Typical Shoes



There’s a major distinction among the Trail Running Shoes and standard shoes although each search virtually the same. The primary factor is the use of these footwear. The previous is employed for operating in forest trails, hiking, and even road operating arrives beneath this category. Hence, the shoes which are created for this purpose ought to be carried out with great care because they’ll be utilised in rough surfaces plus they ought to have an excellent durability as well. The primary distinction amongst these shoes is the sole of them. They’re quite tough and spiky when in comparison towards the normal shoes and this nature helps make theseTrail Running Shoes quickly adaptable in all scenarios of trail operating. The main thing that you ought to notice when purchasing a Trail Running Shoes will be the comfort component. Considering that you may be utilizing this in rugged surfaces comfort will be the primary thing and once you are comfortable inside the footwear it is possible to really effectively be happy about the operating and you are able to even run to get a long time. It’s not that people need to run in regular trails but additionally in sudden trails that may come on the way. The majority of the trails will likely be like a single path on the mountain and the majority of them will probably be like animal trails. These shoes might be very best utilised if you are preparing to go on a hike with friends to the mountains. It is possible to also use them whenever you go mountaineering along with other equipments. One more principal factor that you need to notice inside the shoes is the size. Make certain the shoes match your heel dimension because in case the footwear is both huge or modest, you’ll not have the comfort to walk or run making use of them. This would put you in much more difficulty due to the fact you can’t expect a shoe store even though trail running.

Jumat, 04 Maret 2011

Face wants

 

in this discussion, let’s assume that the participants involved in interactions are not living in a context which has created rigidly fixed social relationships. within their everyday social interactions, people generally behave as if their expectations concercing their public self-image, or their face wants, will be respected. if a speaker says something that represents a threat to another individual’s expectations regarding self-image, it is described as a face threatening act. alternatively, given the possibility that some action might be interpreted as a threat to another’s face, the speaker can say something to lessen the possible threat. this is called a face saving act.

image a late night scene, where a young neighbour is playing his music very loud and an older couple are trying to sleep. one of them, in (2), proposes a face threatening act and the other sugests a face saving act.

(2) him : I’m going to tell to stop that awful noise right now!

      her : perhaps you could just ask him if he is going to stop soon    because it’s getting a bit late and people need to get sleep.

because it is generally expected that each person will attempt to respect the face wants of others, there are many different ways of perfoming face saving acts.

 

from : pragmatics George yule

Rabu, 02 Maret 2011

foot ball

The game of football is any of several similar team sports, of similar origins which involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot in an attempt to score a goal. The most popular of these sports worldwide is association football, more commonly known as just "football" or "soccer". Unqualified, the word football applies to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears, including American footballAustralian rules footballCanadian footballGaelic footballrugby leaguerugby union and other related games. These variations are known as "codes



Common elements

The various codes of football share the following common elements:
  • Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are also popular.
  • A clearly defined area in which to play the game.
  • Scoring goals or points, by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line.
  • Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts.
  • The goal or line being defended by the opposing team.
  • Players being required to move the ball—depending on the code—by kicking, carrying, or hand-passing the ball.
  • Players using only their body to move the ball.
In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts. Other features common to several football codes include: points being mostly scored by players carrying the ball across the goal line; and players receiving a free kick after they take a markor make a fair catch.
Peoples from around the world have played games which involved kicking or carrying a ball, since ancient times. However, most of the modern codes of football have their origins inEngland.[1]

Etymology

While it is widely assumed that the word "football" (or "foot ball") references the action of the foot kicking a ball, there is a historical explanation, which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot.[2] These games were usually played by peasants, as opposed to the horse-riding sports (such as polo) often played byaristocrats. There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation, and the word football has always implied a variety of games played on foot, not just those that involved kicking a ball. In some cases, the word football has even been applied to games which have specifically outlawed kicking the ball

from wikipedia

foot ball

All About Football  

The game of football is a contact sport. The whole field contains 22 players ( including offense and defense.) At the beginning of the game there is a kickoff. There are 120 yards from the end of the endzone to the other end. A touchdown is worth 6 points. After the touchdown, you get the choice of the 2 point conversion or kicking for an extra point.


A player wears 10 to 12 pieces of protective equipment . A professional football weighs 14 to 15 ounces. The quarterback has control of the football at the begining of the play. A safety is worth 2 points and the team that got the safety gets to return the kick.

 from : http://library.thinkquest.org/J002791/all_about_football.htm